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Cosmology

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Hartle-Hawking No-Boundary Proposal: A Universe With No Edge in Time

The Hartle-Hawking state, proposed by James Hartle and Stephen Hawking in 1983, is a quantum-cosmological model in which the universe has no initial boundary in time. By treating time as effectively spatial near the Big Bang, the proposal removes the question of what came before.

Gott-Li Self-Creating Universe: A Cosmos That Is Its Own Mother

In a 1998 paper, physicists J. Richard Gott and Li-Xin Li proposed that the early universe could contain a region of {{closed timelike curves}}, allowing the universe to loop back and create itself with no external first cause. The model treats the cosmic origin problem as the wrong question rather than an unanswerable one.

The Universe as a Bootstrap Loop: Origin Without a First Cause

Small-scale {{bootstrap paradox}} puzzles about objects with no origin map directly onto cosmology's first-cause problem. Published models, including the {{Gott-Li self-creating universe}} and the {{Hartle-Hawking no-boundary proposal}}, treat the universe as a closed causal structure with no external beginning, the ultimate bootstrap loop, and argue that demanding an origin may be a cognitive habit rather than a logical requirement.

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